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Nutritional factors are often suspected as a prime cause of shell-quality problems. If such problems occur, check the following list of nutrients which play an important role in shell quality:
Calcium
Calcium intake should be between 3.8 and 4.2 g per bird and per day, and be maintained by adjusting the diet formulation or by the use [...]
During certain times of the year, supplementation of grazing cattle may be necessary. Supplements are normally classified as either protein or energy based on crude protein concentration. Protein supplements contain higher concentration of protein (normally more than 25%) and energy supplements contain normally less than 18% crude protein.
It is generally recommended that cattle grazing dormant [...]
Horses are frequently housed in facilities that are often designed more for the comfort of the horse owner than for the horse. Horse housing is notoriously poorly ventilated to the point of being air-tight in some cases, and the horses are subjected to breathing poor-quality air. Hence, emphases should be placed on high-quality, dust-free, mold-free [...]
In general, birds over-consume energy with higher-energy diets, and they will have difficulty maintaining normal energy intake when diets of less than 2,600 kcal ME/kg are offered. In most instances, underconsumption rather than overconsumption is the problem, and so use of higher-energy diets during situations such as heat stress may help to minimize energy insufficiency.
The [...]
Traditionally, diet nutrient concentrations decrease over time, with the notable exception of the need for more calcium. Thus, diet protein and amino acid expressed as a percent of the diet or as a ratio to energy decline as the bird progresses through the laying cycle. However this traditionally approach is now being questioned in nutrient [...]
Immature pullets and roosters must be managed so as to achieve the desired uniform weight at the time of photostimulation, which is usually around 22 – 24 weeks of age. Growth and uniformity are influenced by feeding program and, to a lesser extent, by feed formulation. Within reason, it is possible to achieve the desired [...]
Today, most poultry feeds also contain supplementary gelatin- or starch-coated synthetic vitamin A, which is quite stable. The inclusion of antioxidants in the feed helps retain the potency of vitamins A and E in mixed feed.
Vitamin D3 is the only form of the product to be used in poultry diets, since birds cannot metabolize vitamin [...]
Nutrient Requirements of Swine: 10th Revised Edition
(Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals: A Series)
by Subcommittee on Swine Nutrition (Author), Committee on Animal Nutrition (Author), National Research Council (Author)
Determination of the energy values of feedstuffs for swine is a difficult and tedious task. Originally, energy values were estimated from studies with chicks or were calculated for [...]
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
(Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals: A Series)
By Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, National Research Council
Poultry diets are composed primarily of mixture of several feedstuffs such as cereal grains, soybean meal, animal by-product meals, fats and vitamin and mineral premixes. These feedstuffs, together with water, provide the [...]
Much of our logic in designing nutritional programs for finishing pigs derives from the perceived relationship of protein accretion rate to energy intake. Protein accretion increases as energy intake increases until it reaches a maximum point, and then plateaus. The evidence indicates that the upslope is linear. The maximum level of protein accretion occurs when [...]